2019-2022 Toyota Avalon 4 Door Vehicle specifications -> Specifications User Manual
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Vehicle specifications -> Specifications for Your Toyota Avalon 4 Door Fifth Generation (2019-2022)

478  
8-1.Specifications  
Maintenanc e data (fuel, oil level, etc .)  
Dimensions and weights  
Overall length  
Overall width  
195.9 in. (4975 mm)  
72.8 in. (1850 mm)  
56.5 in. (1435 mm)*2  
Overall height*1  
Wheelbase  
56.7 in. (1440 mm)*3  
113.0 in. (2870 mm)  
62.6 in. (1590 mm)*4  
Front  
Rear  
63.0 in. (1600 mm)*5  
63.2 in. (1605 mm)*2, 4  
63.6 in. (1615 mm)*2, 5  
63.4 in. (1610 mm)*3, 4  
63.8 in. (1620 mm)*3, 5  
Tread  
Vehicle capacity weight  
(occupants + luggage)  
940 lb. (425 kg)  
*1: Unladen vehicles  
*2: 2WD models  
*3: AWD models  
*4: Vehicles with 235/45R18 tires and 235/40R19 tires  
*5: Vehicles with 215/55R17 tires  
Seating capacity  
Seating capacity  
5 occupants (Front 2, Rear 3)  
479  
8-1. Specifications  
Vehicle identification  
■ Vehicle identification number  
The vehicle identification number (VIN) is the legal identifier for  
your vehicle. This is the primary identification number for your  
Toyota. It is used in registering the ownership of your vehicle.  
This number is stamped on the  
top left of the instrument panel.  
This number is also on the Cer-  
tification Label.  
8
480  
8-1. Specifications  
■ Engine number  
The engine number is stamped on the engine block as shown.  
2.5 L 4-cylinder (A25A-FKS) 3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) engine  
engine  
Engine  
Model  
Type  
A25A-FKS  
2GR-FKS  
4-cylinder in line,  
4-cycle, gasoline  
6-cylinder V type,  
4-cycle, gasoline  
3.44 4.07 in.  
(87.5 103.4 mm)  
3.70 3.27 in.  
(94.0 83.0 mm)  
Bore and stroke  
Displacement  
151.8 cu. in. (2487 cm3) 210.9 cu. in. (3456 cm3)  
Valve clearance  
Drive belt tension  
Automatic adjustment  
Automatic adjustment  
Fuel  
Fuel type  
Unleaded gasoline only  
Octane rating  
87 (Research Octane Number 91) or higher  
For 2WD models (vehicles with 215/55R17  
tires)  
14.5 gal. (55 L, 12.0 Imp. gal.)  
For 2WD models (vehicles without 215/55R17  
tires)  
Fuel tank capacity  
(Reference)  
16.0 gal. (60.6 L, 13.3 Imp. gal.)  
For AWD models  
14.4 gal. (54.5 L, 11.9 Imp. gal.)  
481  
8-1. Specifications  
Lubrication system  
■ Oil capacity (Drain and refill [Reference*])  
With filter  
Without filter  
2.5  
L
4-cylinder 4.8 qt.  
(4.5 L, 4.0 Imp. qt.)  
4.4 qt.  
(4.2 L, 3.7 Imp. qt.)  
(A25A-FKS) engine  
3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) 5.7 qt.  
engine (5.4 L, 4.8 Imp. qt.)  
5.6 qt.  
(5.3 L, 4.7 Imp. qt.)  
*: The engine oil capacity is a reference quantity to be used when changing  
the engine oil. Warm up and turn off the engine, wait more than 5 minutes,  
and check the oil level on the dipstick.  
■ Engine oil selection  
2.5 L 4-cylinder (A25A-FKS) engine  
“Toyota Genuine Motor Oil” is used in your Toyota vehicle. Use  
Toyota approved “Toyota Genuine Motor Oil” or equivalent to sat-  
isfy the following grade and viscosity.  
Oil grade: API SN/RC multigrade engine oil  
Recommended viscosity: SAE 0W-16  
SAE 0W-16 is the best choice for  
good fuel economy and good start-  
ing in cold weather.  
If SAE 0W-16 is not available, SAE  
0W-20 oil may be used. However,  
it must be replaced with SAE 0W-  
16 at the next oil change.  
8
Outside temperature  
Oil viscosity (0W-16 is explained here as an example):  
• The 0W in 0W-16 indicates the characteristic of the oil which allows cold  
startability. Oils with a lower value before the W allow for easier starting of  
the engine in cold weather.  
• The 16 in 0W-16 indicates the viscosity characteristic of the oil when the  
oil is at high temperature. An oil with a higher viscosity (one with a higher  
value) may be better suited if the vehicle is operated at high speeds, or  
under extreme load conditions.  
482  
8-1. Specifications  
How to read oil container label:  
API registered mark is added to  
some oil containers to help you  
select the oil you should use.  
3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) engine  
“Toyota Genuine Motor Oil” is used in your Toyota vehicle. Use  
Toyota approved “Toyota Genuine Motor Oil” or equivalent to sat-  
isfy the following grade and viscosity.  
Oil grade: ILSAC GF-5 multigrade engine oil  
Recommended viscosity: SAE 0W-20  
SAE 0W-20 is the best choice for  
good fuel economy and good start-  
ing in cold weather.  
If SAE 0W-20 is not available, SAE  
5W-20 oil may be used. However,  
it must be replaced with SAE 0W-  
20 at the next oil change.  
Outside temperature  
Oil viscosity (0W-20 is explained here as an example):  
• The 0W in 0W-20 indicates the characteristic of the oil which allows cold  
startability. Oils with a lower value before the W allow for easier starting of  
the engine in cold weather.  
• The 20 in 0W-20 indicates the viscosity characteristic of the oil when the  
oil is at high temperature. An oil with a higher viscosity (one with a higher  
value) may be better suited if the vehicle is operated at high speeds, or  
under extreme load conditions.  
483  
8-1. Specifications  
How to read oil container label:  
The International Lubricant  
Specification Advisory Commit-  
tee (ILSAC) Certification Mark  
is added to some oil containers  
to help you select the oil you  
should use.  
Cooling system  
2.5 L 4-cylinder (A25A-FKS) engine  
7.3 qt. (6.9 L, 6.1 Imp. qt.)  
Capacity  
(Reference)  
3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) engine  
9.1 qt. (8.6 L, 7.6 Imp. qt.)  
Use either of the following:  
• “Toyota Super Long Life Coolant”  
• Similar high-quality ethylene glycol-based  
non-silicate, non-amine, non-nitrite, and  
non-borate coolant with long-life hybrid  
organic acid technology  
Coolant type  
Do not use plain water alone.  
Ignition system  
Spark plug  
Make  
2.5 L 4-cylinder (A25A-FKS) engine  
8
DENSO FC16HR-Q8  
3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) engine  
DENSO FK20HBR8  
Gap  
0.031 in. (0.8 mm)  
NOTICE  
■Iridium-tipped spark plugs  
Use only iridium-tipped spark plugs. Do not adjust spark plug gap.  
484  
Electrical system  
8-1. Specifications  
Battery  
Specific voltage reading at 12.3 V or higher  
68F (20C):  
If the voltage is lower than the standard  
value, charge the battery.  
(When checking the voltage, after turning  
the engine switch off, wait for 30 seconds  
with the high beam headlights illuminated,  
then turn the high beam headlights off and  
check the voltage.)  
Charging rates  
5 A max.  
Automatic transaxle  
2.5 L 4-cylinder (A25A-FKS) engine  
7.8 qt. (7.4 L, 6.5 Imp. qt.)  
3.5 L V6 (2GR-FKS) engine  
Fluid capacity*  
Fluid type  
7.9 qt. (7.5 L, 6.6 Imp. qt.)  
Toyota Genuine ATF WS  
*: The fluid capacity is a reference quantity.  
If replacement is necessary, contact your Toyota dealer.  
NOTICE  
■Transmission fluid type  
Using transmission fluid other than the above type may cause abnormal  
noise or vibration, or damage the transmission of your vehicle.  
485  
8-1. Specifications  
Transfer (AWD models)  
Oil capacity  
0.47 qt. (0.45 L, 0.39 Imp. qt.)  
Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil LT  
75W-85 GL-5 or equivalent  
Oil type and viscosity  
Your Toyota vehicle is filled with “Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil” at the  
factory.  
Use Toyota approved “Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil” or an equivalent  
of matching quality to satisfy the above specification. Please contact your  
Toyota dealer for further details.  
NOTICE  
■Transfer oil type precaution  
Using transfer oil other than the specified oil may cause abnormal noise or  
vibration, or damage the transfer of your vehicle.  
Rear differential (AWD models)  
Oil capacity  
0.52 qt. (0.50 L, 0.43 Imp. qt.)  
Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil LT  
75W-85 GL-5 or equivalent  
Oil type and viscosity  
Your Toyota vehicle is filled with “Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil” at the  
factory.  
Use Toyota approved “Toyota Genuine Differential Gear Oil” or an equivalent  
of matching quality to satisfy the above specification. Please contact your  
Toyota dealer for further details.  
NOTICE  
8
■Differential gear oil type precaution  
Using differential gear oil other than the specified oil may cause abnormal  
noise or vibration, or damage the differential gear of your vehicle.  
486  
Brakes  
8-1. Specifications  
Pedal clearance*  
Pedal free play  
3.2 in. (81 mm)  
0.04 0.24 in. (1 6 mm)  
0.04 in. (1.0 mm)  
Brake pad wear limit  
SAE J1703 or FMVSS No.116 DOT 3  
SAE J1704 or FMVSS No.116 DOT 4  
Fluid type  
*: Minimum pedal clearance when depressed with a force of 67 lbf (300 N, 31  
kgf) while the engine is running.  
Steering  
Free play  
Less than 1.2 in. (30 mm)  
Tires and wheels  
17-inch tires  
Tire size  
215/55R17 94V, T155/70D17 110M  
Driving under normal conditions  
Front:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Rear:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Spare:  
Tire inflation pressure  
(Recommended cold tire  
inflation pressure)  
2
60 psi (420 kPa, 4.2 kgf/cm or bar)  
Driving at high speeds (above 100 mph  
[160 km/h]) (in countries where such  
speeds are permitted by law)  
2
Add 5 psi (30 kPa, 0.3 kgf/cm or bar) to  
the front tires and rear tires. Never  
exceed the maximum cold tire inflation  
pressure indicated on the tire sidewall.  
Wheel size  
17 7 1/2 J, 17 4 T (compact spare)  
Wheel nut torque  
76 ft•lbf (103 N•m, 10.5 kgf•m)  
487  
8-1. Specifications  
18-inch tires  
Tire size  
235/45R18 94V, T155/70D17 110M  
Driving under normal conditions  
Front:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Rear:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Spare:  
Tire inflation pressure  
(Recommended cold tire  
inflation pressure)  
2
60 psi (420 kPa, 4.2 kgf/cm or bar)  
Driving at high speeds (above 100 mph  
[160 km/h]) (in countries where such  
speeds are permitted by law)  
2
Add 5 psi (30 kPa, 0.3 kgf/cm or bar) to  
the front tires and rear tires. Never  
exceed the maximum cold tire inflation  
pressure indicated on the tire sidewall.  
Wheel size  
18 8 J, 17 4 T (compact spare)  
Wheel nut torque  
76 ft•lbf (103 N•m, 10.5 kgf•m)  
19-inch tires (type A)  
Tire size  
235/40R19 92V, T155/70D17 110M  
Driving under normal conditions  
Front:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Rear:  
2
35 psi (240 kPa, 2.4 kgf/cm or bar)  
Spare:  
Tire inflation pressure  
(Recommended cold tire  
inflation pressure)  
2
60 psi (420 kPa, 4.2 kgf/cm or bar)  
8
Driving at high speeds (above 100 mph  
[160 km/h]) (in countries where such  
speeds are permitted by law)  
2
Add 5 psi (30 kPa, 0.3 kgf/cm or bar) to  
the front tires and rear tires. Never  
exceed the maximum cold tire inflation  
pressure indicated on the tire sidewall.  
19 8 J, 19 8.5 J, 17 4 T (compact  
spare)  
Wheel size  
Wheel nut torque  
76 ft•lbf (103 N•m, 10.5 kgf•m)  
488  
8-1. Specifications  
19-inch tires (type B)  
Tire size  
235/40R19 96Y, T155/70D17 110M  
Driving under normal conditions  
Front:  
2
33 psi (230 kPa, 2.3 kgf/cm or bar)  
Rear:  
2
33 psi (230 kPa, 2.3 kgf/cm or bar)  
Spare:  
Tire inflation pressure  
(Recommended cold tire  
inflation pressure)  
2
60 psi (420 kPa, 4.2 kgf/cm or bar)  
Driving at high speeds (above 100 mph  
[160 km/h]) (in countries where such  
speeds are permitted by law)  
2
Add 5 psi (30 kPa, 0.3 kgf/cm or bar) to  
the front tires and rear tires. Never  
exceed the maximum cold tire inflation  
pressure indicated on the tire sidewall.  
Wheel size  
19 8 1/2 J, 17 4 T (compact spare)  
Wheel nut torque  
76 ft•lbf (103 N•m, 10.5 kgf•m)  
Light bulbs*  
Light bulbs  
Bulb No.  
168  
W
5
Type  
A
Door courtesy lights  
Vanity lights  
Interior  
7065  
1.4  
5
B
Trunk light  
A
A: Wedge base bulbs  
B: Double end bulbs  
*: Light bulbs not listed in this table are LED bulbs.  
489  
8-1. Specifications  
Fuel inform at ion  
You must only use unleaded gasoline.  
Select octane rating 87 (Research Octane Number 91) or higher.  
Use of unleaded gasoline with an octane rating lower than 87  
may result in engine knocking. Persistent knocking can lead to  
engine damage.  
At minimum, the gasoline you use should meet the specifications of  
ASTM D4814 in the U.S.A..  
■Gasoline quality  
In very few cases, driveability problems may be caused by the brand of gaso-  
line you are using. If driveability problems persist, try changing the brand of  
gasoline. If this does not correct the problem, consult your Toyota dealer.  
■Recommendation of the use of gasoline containing detergent additives  
●Toyota recommends the use of gasoline that contains detergent additives to  
avoid the build-up of engine deposits.  
●All gasoline sold in the U.S.A. contains minimum detergent additives to  
clean and/or keep clean intake systems, per EPA’s lowest additives concen-  
tration program.  
●Toyota strongly recommends the use of Top Tier Detergent Gasoline. For  
more information on Top Tier Detergent Gasoline and a list of marketers,  
please go to the official website  
8
490  
8-1. Specifications  
■Recommendation of the use of low emissions gasoline  
Gasolines containing oxygenates such as ethers and ethanol, as well as  
reformulated gasolines, are available in some cities. These fuels are typically  
acceptable for use, providing they meet other fuel requirements.  
Toyota recommends these fuels, since the formulations allow for reduced  
vehicle emissions.  
■Non-recommendation of the use of blended gasoline  
●Use only gasoline containing up to 15%  
DO NOT use gasoline contain-  
ing more than 15% ethanol.  
ethanol.  
DO NOT use any flex-fuel or gasoline  
that could contain more than 15% etha-  
(30% ethanol)  
(50% ethanol)  
nol, including from any pump labeled  
E30, E50, E85 (which are only some  
examples of fuel containing more than  
15% ethanol).  
(85% ethanol)  
●If you use gasohol in your vehicle, be sure that it has an octane rating no  
lower than 87.  
●Toyota does not recommend the use of gasoline containing methanol.  
■Non-recommendation of the use of gasoline containing MMT  
Some gasoline contains an octane enhancing additive called MMT (Methylcy-  
clopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl).  
Toyota does not recommend the use of gasoline that contains MMT. If fuel  
containing MMT is used, your emission control system may be adversely  
affected.  
The malfunction indicator lamp on the instrument cluster may come on. If this  
happens, contact your Toyota dealer for service.  
■If your engine knocks  
●Consult your Toyota dealer.  
●You may occasionally notice light knocking for a short time while accelerat-  
ing or driving uphill. This is normal and there is no need for concern.  
491  
8-1. Specifications  
NOTICE  
■Notice on fuel quality  
●Do not use improper fuels. If improper fuels are used, the engine will be  
damaged.  
●Do not use leaded gasoline.  
Leaded gasoline can cause damage to your vehicle’s three-way catalytic  
converters causing the emission control system to malfunction.  
●Do not use gasohol other than the type previously stated.  
Other gasohol may cause fuel system damage or vehicle performance  
problems.  
●Using unleaded gasoline with an octane number or rating lower than the  
level previously stated will cause persistent heavy knocking.  
At worst, this will lead to engine damage.  
■Fuel-related poor driveability  
If poor driveability (poor hot starting, vaporization, engine knocking, etc.) is  
encountered after using a different type of fuel, discontinue the use of that  
type of fuel.  
■When refueling with gasohol  
Take care not to spill gasohol. It can damage your vehicle’s paint.  
8
492  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire inform ation  
Typical tire symbols  
Full-size tire  
Compact spare tire  
493  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire size (P. 495)  
1
2
Summer tires or all season tires (P. 400)  
An all season tire has “M+S” on the sidewall. A tire not marked “M+S”  
is a summer tire.  
TUBELESS or TUBE TYPE  
3
4
A tubeless tire does not have a tube and air is directly put into the tire.  
A tube type tire has a tube inside the tire and the tube maintains the air  
pressure.  
Radial tires or bias-ply tires  
A radial tire has “RADIAL” on the sidewall. A tire not marked “RADIAL”  
is a bias-ply tire.  
DOT and Tire Identification Number (TIN) (P. 494)  
Location of treadwear indicators (P. 394)  
Uniform tire quality grading  
5
6
7
For details, see “Uniform Tire Quality Grading” that follows.  
Maximum cold tire inflation pressure (P. 486)  
8
This means the pressure to which a tire may be inflated.  
Load limit at maximum cold tire inflation pressure (P. 399)  
9
Tire ply composition and materials  
10  
Plies are layers of rubber-coated parallel cords. Cords are the strands  
which form the plies in a tire.  
“TEMPORARY USE ONLY”  
11  
A compact spare tire is identified by the phrase “TEMPORARY USE  
ONLY” molded on its sidewall. This tire is designed for temporary  
emergency use only.  
8
494  
8-1. Specifications  
Typical DOT and Tire Identification Number (TIN)  
Type A Type B  
DOT symbol*  
Tire Identification Number (TIN)  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tire manufacturer’s identification mark  
Tire size code  
Manufacturer’s optional tire type code (3 or 4 letters)  
Manufacturing week  
Manufacturing year  
Manufacturer’s code  
*: The DOT symbol certifies that the tire conforms to applicable Federal  
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.  
495  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire size  
■ Typical tire size information  
The illustration indicates typical  
tire size.  
Tire use  
1
(P = Passenger car [some-  
times omitted],  
T = Temporary use)  
Section width (millimeters)  
2
Aspect ratio  
3
(tire height to section width)  
Tire construction code (R = Radial, D = Diagonal)  
Wheel diameter (inches)  
4
5
6
7
Load index (2 digits or 3 digits)  
Speed symbol (alphabet with one letter)  
■ Tire dimensions  
Section width  
1
Tire height  
2
Wheel diameter  
3
8
496  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire section names  
Bead  
1
Sidewall  
2
Shoulder  
3
Tread  
4
Belt  
5
Inner liner  
6
Reinforcing rubber  
7
Carcass  
8
Rim lines  
9
Bead wires  
10  
Chafer  
11  
497  
8-1. Specifications  
Uniform Tire Quality Grading  
This information has been prepared in accordance with regulations  
issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the  
U.S. Department of Transportation.  
It provides the purchasers and/or prospective purchasers of Toyota  
vehicles with information on uniform tire quality grading.  
Your Toyota dealer will help answer any questions you may have as  
you read this information.  
■ DOT quality grades  
All passenger vehicle tires must conform to Federal Safety Require-  
ments in addition to these grades. Quality grades can be found  
where applicable on the tire sidewall between tread shoulder and  
maximum section width.  
For example: Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A  
■ Treadwear  
The treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear  
rate of the tire when tested under controlled conditions on a speci-  
fied government test course.  
For example, a tire graded 150 would wear one and a half (1 - 1/2)  
times as well on the government course as a tire graded 100.  
The relative performance of tires depends upon the actual condi-  
tions of their use. Performance may differ significantly from the norm  
due to variations in driving habits, service practices and differences  
in road characteristics and climate.  
■ Traction AA, A, B, C  
The traction grades, from highest to lowest, are AA, A, B and C,  
and they represent the tire’s ability to stop on wet pavement as  
measured under controlled conditions on specified government test  
surfaces of asphalt and concrete.  
8
A tire marked C may have poor traction performance.  
Warning: The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on braking  
(straight ahead) traction tests and does not include cornering (turn-  
ing) traction.  
498  
8-1. Specifications  
■ Temperature A, B, C  
The temperature grades are A (the highest), B, and C, representing  
the tire’s resistance to the generation of heat and its ability to dissi-  
pate heat when tested under controlled conditions on a specified  
indoor laboratory test wheel.  
Sustained high temperature can cause the material of the tire to  
degenerate and reduce tire life, and excessive temperature can lead  
to sudden tire failure.  
Grade C corresponds to a level of performance which all passenger  
car tires must meet under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Stan-  
dard No. 109.  
Grades B and A represent higher levels of performance on the labo-  
ratory test wheel than the minimum required by law.  
Warning: The temperature grades of a tire assume that it is properly  
inflated and not overloaded.  
Excessive speed, underinflation, or excessive loading, either sepa-  
rately or in combination, can cause heat buildup and possible tire  
failure.  
499  
8-1. Specifications  
Meaning  
Glossary of tire terminology  
Tire related term  
Tire pressure when the vehicle has been  
Cold tire inflation pres- parked for three hours or more, or has not  
sure  
been driven more than 1 mile or 1.5 km under  
that condition  
The maximum cold inflated pressure to which  
a tire may be inflated, shown on the sidewall  
of the tire  
Maximum  
pressure  
inflation  
Recommended infla- Cold tire inflation pressure recommended by a  
tion pressure  
manufacturer  
The combined weight (in excess of those stan-  
dard items which may be replaced) of auto-  
matic transmission, power steering, power  
brakes, power windows, power seats, radio  
and heater, to the extent that these items are  
available as factory-installed equipment  
(whether installed or not)  
Accessory weight  
The weight of a motor vehicle with standard  
equipment, including the maximum capacity of  
fuel, oil and coolant, and if so equipped, air  
conditioning and additional weight optional  
engine  
Curb weight  
The sum of:  
(a) Curb weight  
Maximum loaded vehi-  
cle weight  
(b) Accessory weight  
(c) Vehicle capacity weight  
(d) Production options weight  
8
150 lb. (68 kg) times the number of occupants  
specified in the second column of Table 1*  
that follows  
Normal  
weight  
occupant  
Distribution of occupants in a vehicle as speci-  
fied in the third column of Table 1* below  
Occupant distribution  
500  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire related term  
Meaning  
The combined weight of installed regular pro-  
duction options weighing over 5 lb. (2.3 kg) in  
excess of the standard items which they  
replace, not previously considered in curb  
weight or accessory weight, including heavy  
duty brakes, ride levelers, roof rack, heavy  
duty battery, and special trim  
Production  
weight  
options  
A metal support for a tire or a tire and tube  
assembly upon which the tire beads are  
seated  
Rim  
Rim diameter  
(Wheel diameter)  
Nominal diameter of the bead seat  
Rim diameter and width  
Rim size designation  
The industry manufacturer’s designation for a  
rim by style or code  
Rim type designation  
Rim width  
Nominal distance between rim flanges  
Vehicle  
weight  
capacity)  
capacity The rated cargo and luggage load plus 150 lb.  
(Total  
load (68 kg) times the vehicle’s designated seating  
capacity  
The load on an individual tire that is deter-  
Vehicle maximum load mined by distributing to each axle its share of  
on the tire  
the maximum loaded vehicle weight, and  
dividing by two  
The load on an individual tire that is deter-  
mined by distributing to each axle its share of  
curb weight, accessory weight, and normal  
occupant weight (distributed in accordance  
with Table 1* below), and dividing by two  
Vehicle normal load on  
the tire  
The surface area of the rim not covered by the  
inflated tire  
Weather side  
Bead  
The part of the tire that is made of steel wires,  
wrapped or reinforced by ply cords and that is  
shaped to fit the rim  
A breakdown of the bond between compo-  
nents in the bead  
Bead separation  
501  
8-1. Specifications  
Meaning  
Tire related term  
A pneumatic tire in which the ply cords that  
extend to the beads are laid at alternate  
angles substantially less than 90 degrees to  
the centerline of the tread  
Bias ply tire  
The tire structure, except tread and sidewall  
rubber which, when inflated, bears the load  
Carcass  
The breaking away of pieces of the tread or  
sidewall  
Chunking  
Cord  
The strands forming the plies in the tire  
The parting of cords from adjacent rubber  
compounds  
Cord separation  
Any parting within the tread, sidewall, or inner-  
liner of the tire extending to cord material  
Cracking  
A pneumatic tire with an inverted flange tire  
and rim system in which the rim is designed  
with rim flanges pointed radially inward and  
the tire is designed to fit on the underside of  
the rim in a manner that encloses the rim  
flanges inside the air cavity of the tire  
CT  
A tire designed to operate at higher loads and  
at higher inflation pressures than the corre-  
sponding standard tire  
Extra load tire  
Groove  
The space between two adjacent tread ribs  
The layer(s) forming the inside surface of a  
tubeless tire that contains the inflating medium  
within the tire  
Innerliner  
8
The parting of the innerliner from cord material  
in the carcass  
Innerliner separation  
(a) The sidewall that contains a whitewall,  
bears white lettering, or bears manufac-  
turer, brand, and/or model name molding  
that is higher or deeper than the same  
molding on the other sidewall of the tire, or  
(b) The outward facing sidewall of an asym-  
metrical tire that has a particular side that  
must always face outward when mounted  
on a vehicle  
Intended  
sidewall  
outboard  
502  
8-1. Specifications  
Tire related term  
Meaning  
A tire designated by its manufacturer as pri-  
marily intended for use on lightweight trucks  
or multipurpose passenger vehicles  
Light truck (LT) tire  
The maximum load that a tire is rated to carry  
for a given inflation pressure  
Load rating  
The load rating for a tire at the maximum per-  
missible inflation pressure for that tire  
Maximum load rating  
Maximum permissible The maximum cold inflation pressure to which  
inflation pressure  
a tire may be inflated  
The rim on which a tire is fitted for physical  
dimension requirements  
Measuring rim  
Any parting at any junction of tread, sidewall,  
or innerliner that extends to cord material  
Open splice  
Outer diameter  
The overall diameter of an inflated new tire  
The linear distance between the exteriors of  
the sidewalls of an inflated tire, including ele-  
vations due to labeling, decorations, or protec-  
tive bands or ribs  
Overall width  
A tire intended for use on passenger cars,  
multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks,  
that have a gross vehicle weight rating  
(GVWR) of 10,000 lb. or less.  
Passenger car tire  
Ply  
A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords  
A parting of rubber compound between adja-  
cent plies  
Ply separation  
A mechanical device made of rubber, chemi-  
cals, fabric and steel or other materials, that,  
when mounted on an automotive wheel, pro-  
vides the traction and contains the gas or fluid  
that sustains the load  
Pneumatic tire  
A pneumatic tire in which the ply cords that  
extend to the beads are laid at substantially 90  
degrees to the centerline of the tread  
Radial ply tire  
Reinforced tire  
A tire designed to operate at higher loads and  
at higher inflation pressures than the corre-  
sponding standard tire  
503  
8-1. Specifications  
Meaning  
Tire related term  
The linear distance between the exteriors of  
the sidewalls of an inflated tire, excluding ele-  
vations due to labeling, decoration, or protec-  
tive bands  
Section width  
That portion of a tire between the tread and  
bead  
Sidewall  
The parting of the rubber compound from the  
cord material in the sidewall  
Sidewall separation  
A tire that attains a traction index equal to or  
greater than 110, compared to the ASTM E-  
1136 Standard Reference Test Tire, when  
using the snow traction test as described in  
ASTM F-1805-00, Standard Test Method for  
Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight  
Line on Snow-and Ice-Covered Surfaces, and  
Snow tire  
which is marked with an Alpine Symbol (  
on at least one sidewall  
)
The rim on which a tire is fitted for testing, and  
may be any rim listed as appropriate for use  
with that tire  
Test rim  
Tread  
That portion of a tire that comes into contact  
with the road  
A tread section running circumferentially  
around a tire  
Tread rib  
Tread separation  
Pulling away of the tread from the tire carcass  
8
The projections within the principal grooves  
designed to give a visual indication of the  
degrees of wear of the tread  
Treadwear indicators  
(TWI)  
The fixture used to hold the wheel and tire  
assembly securely during testing  
Wheel-holding fixture  
*: Table 1 Occupant loading and distribution for vehicle normal load for  
various designated seating capacities  
504  
8-1. Specifications  
Designated seating  
capacity, Number of  
occupants  
Occupant distribution  
in a normally loaded  
vehicle  
Vehicle normal load,  
Number of occupants  
2 through 4  
2
3
2 in front  
2 in front, 1 in second  
seat  
5 through 10  
2 in front, 1 in second  
seat, 1 in third seat, 1  
in fourth seat  
11 through 15  
16 through 20  
5
7
2 in front, 2 in second  
seat, 2 in third seat, 1  
in fourth seat  

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