Get Driving & operating Guide for Land Rover Defender 90 SUV First Generation (1990-2016)

SECTION 3

Driving & operating

Section Contents Page

Starter switch & steering lock 47....................

Starting & driving 48......................................

Fuel 55............................................................

Gearbox & transmission 59............................

Brakes 64.......................................................

Traction control 68.........................................

Towing & load carrying 69.............................

Emergency starting 72....................................

Vehicle recovery 74........................................

Ancillary equipment 76...................................

Starter switch & steering lock

To unlock the steering column

Insert the ignition key FULLY and turn the

starter switch to position ’I’, while turning the

steering wheel slightly to disengage the lock.

To lock the steering column

Turn the starter switch to position ’0’ and

withdraw the key from the starter switch. Turn

the steering wheel towards the straight ahead

position until the lock engages.

WARNING

DO NOT remove the key or turn the starter

switch to position ’0’ while the vehicle is in

motion. Once the steering lock is engaged,

it is impossible to steer the vehicle.

STARTER SWITCH

The starter switch is located to the left of the

steering column, and uses the following

sequence of key positions to operate the

steering lock, electrical circuits and starter

motor.

Position ’0’

Steering locked (if key is removed).

Most lighting circuits are operational,

including: sidelights, headlights, hazard

warning lights and rear fog guard lights.

Position ’I’

Steering unlocked.

Radio/cassette player can be operated.

Position ’II’

All instruments, warning lights and electrical

circuits are operational.

Position ’III’

Starter motor operates.

Release the key immediately the engine starts

(the key will automatically return to position

’II’).

Note that operation of position ’I’ electrical

functions will be interrupted during engine

cranking.

Starting & driving

STARTING - DIESEL ENGINES

1. Check that the handbrake is applied and

that the gear lever is in neutral.

2. Switch off all unnecessary electrical

equipment.

3. Insert the starter key and turn the switch

to position ’II’. Wait until the glow plug

warning light extinguishes.

NOTE: When restarting a warm engine, it will

not be necessary to wait for the glow plug

warning light to extinguish.

4. Turn the key to position ’III’ to operate the

starter motor; DO NOT press the

accelerator pedal during starting, and

RELEASE THE KEY as soon as the engine

is running.

NOTE: In temperate climates, the battery

charging and oil pressure warning lights

should extinguish as soon as the engine is

running.

In cold weather, or when the battery is in a

low state of charge, depress the clutch pedal

while starting and hold it down until the

engine is running.

In temperate climates, DO NOT operate the

starter for longer than 10 seconds; if the

engine fails to start, switch off and wait 10

seconds before re-using the starter. Please

note that prolonged use of the starter will not

only discharge the battery but may also

damage the starter motor.

Starting & driving

Cold climates

In very cold climates, the battery charging and

oil pressure warning lights may take several

seconds to extinguish. Similarly, engine

cranking times will also increase; at -30° C the

starter motor may need to be operated

continuously for as long as 30 seconds before

the engine will start. For this reason, ensure

that all non-essential electrical equipment is

switched off.

Warming up

In the interests of fuel economy, it is advisable

to start driving straight away, remembering

that harsh acceleration or labouring the engine

before the normal operating temperature has

been reached can damage the engine.

WARNING

The engine must not be run above fast idle

speed until the oil pressure warning light

extinguishes to ensure that the engine and

turbo-charger bearings are properly

lubricated before being run at speed.

WARNING

Exhaust fumes contain poisonous

substances which can cause

unconsciousness and may even be fatal.

• DO NOT inhale exhaust gases.

• DO NOT start or leave the engine running

in an enclosed unventilated area, or

drive with the rear door open.

• DO NOT modify the exhaust system from

the original design.

• DO repair exhaust system or body leaks

immediately.

• If you think exhaust fumes are entering

the vehicle have the cause determined

and corrected immediately.

Switching off

To avoid the possibility of damaging the

turbo-charger bearings through inadequate

lubrication, ALWAYS allow the engine to idle

for 10 seconds before switching off. Turn the

engine off by returning the starter switch to

position ’I’ and then position ’0’ to remove

key.

Starting & driving

STARTING - PETROL ENGINES

1. Check that the handbrake is applied and

that the gear lever is in neutral.

2. Switch off all unnecessary electrical

equipment.

3. If the engine is cold, pull out the cold start

control (if fitted) and turn it clockwise to

lock (see illustration).

4. Insert the starter key and turn the switch

to position ’II’ and then on to position ’III’

to operate the starter motor. DO NOT

press the accelerator pedal during starting

and RELEASE THE KEY as soon as the

engine is running.

In temperate climates DO NOT operate the

starter for longer than 10 seconds. If the

engine fails to start, switch off and wait 10

seconds before re-using the starter. Please

note that prolonged use of the starter will not

only discharge the battery but may also

damage the starter motor.

In temperate climates, the battery charging

and oil pressure warning lights should

extinguish as soon as the engine is running.

In cold weather, or when the battery is in a

low state of charge, depress the clutch pedal

while starting and hold it down until the

engine is running.

Cold climates

In very cold climates, the battery charging and

oil pressure warning lights may take several

seconds to extinguish. Similarly, engine

cranking times will also increase; at -30° C the

starter motor may need to be operated

continuously for as long as 30 seconds before

the engine will start. For this reason, ensure

that all non-essential electrical equipment is

switched off.

Additionally, in very cold climates, use of a

cylinder block heater will improve the engine’s

starting characteristics. Your Land Rover

dealer can advise you about the supply and

use of a cylinder block heater.

Warming up

In the interests of fuel economy, it is advisable

to start driving straight away, remembering

that harsh acceleration or labouring the engine

before the normal operating temperature has

been reached can damage the engine.

NOTE: Remember to turn off the cold start

control once normal operating temperature is

reached.

Starting & driving

WARNING

Exhaust fumes contain poisonous

substances which can cause

unconsciousness and may even be fatal.

• DO NOT inhale exhaust gases.

• DO NOT start or leave the engine running

in an enclosed unventilated area, or

drive with the rear door open.

• DO NOT modify the exhaust system from

the original design.

• DO repair exhaust system or body leaks

immediately.

• If you think exhaust fumes are entering

the vehicle have the cause determined

and corrected immediately.

Parking

After bringing the vehicle to a stop, ALWAYS

apply the handbrake and select neutral in the

main gearbox before releasing the foot brake

and switching off the engine.

Switching off

Return the starter switch to position ’I’ and

then to position ’0’ to remove the key.

Starting & driving

EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM

Land Rover vehicles are fitted with emission

and evaporative control equipment necessary

to meet a number of territorial requirements.

In many countries, it is against the law for

vehicle owners to modify or tamper with

emission control equipment, or to sanction

the unauthorised replacement or modification

of this equipment by a repair shop. In such

cases, the vehicle owner and the repairer may

both be liable for legal penalties.

It is important to remember that all Land

Rover dealers are properly equipped to

perform repairs and to maintain the emission

control system on your vehicle.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Vehicle stability

Your vehicle has a higher ground

clearance and, hence, a higher centre of

gravity than ordinary passenger cars, to

enable the vehicle to perform in a wide

variety of different off-road applications.

An advantage of the higher ground

clearance is a better view of the road,

allowing the driver to more easily

anticipate problems. Inexperienced

drivers should take additional care,

remembering that the Defender is not

designed for cornering at the same speed

as conventional passenger cars, any more

than a low slung sports car is designed to

perform satisfactorily in off-road

conditions. As with other vehicles of this

type, failure to operate the Defender

correctly may result in loss of control or

even vehicle rollover.

Vehicle height

The overall height of your vehicle exceeds

that of ordinary passenger cars. Always

be aware of the height of your vehicle and

check available headroom before driving

through low entrances. This is particularly

important if the vehicle is fitted with a

roof rack or if a sunroof is open.

Starting & driving

RUNNING-IN (petrol & diesel models)

Proper running-in will have a direct bearing on

the reliability and smooth running of your

vehicle throughout its life.

In particular, the engine, gearbox, brakes and

tyres need time to bed-in and adjust to the

demands of everyday motoring. It is therefore

essential to drive with consideration for the

running-in process for at least the first 800

km (500 miles) and observe the following

advice:

• LIMIT maximum speed to 80 km/h (50

mph) for Td5, Tdi and 4-cylinder petrol

engines and 95 km/h (60 mph) for V8

engines. Initially, drive the vehicle on a

light throttle and only increase engine

speeds once the running-in distance has

been completed.

• DO NOT operate at full throttle or allow the

engine to labour in any gear.

• AVOID fast acceleration and heavy braking

except in emergencies.

FUEL ECONOMY

Fuel consumption is influenced by two major

factors:

• How your vehicle is maintained.

• How you drive your vehicle.

To obtain optimum fuel economy, it is

essential that your vehicle is maintained in

accordance with the manufacturer’s service

schedule.

Items such as ignition timing, the condition of

the air cleaner element, tyre pressures and

wheel alignment can have a significant effect

on fuel consumption. But above all, the way in

which you drive is most important. The

following hints may help you to obtain even

better value from your motoring:

• Avoid unnecessary, short, start-stop

journeys.

• Avoid fast starts by accelerating gently and

smoothly from rest.

• Do not drive in the lower gears longer than

necessary.

• Decelerate gently and avoid sudden and

heavy braking.

• Anticipate obstructions and adjust your

speed accordingly well in advance.

DRIVE GENTLY - SAVE FUEL!

Starting & driving

IMPORTANT DRIVING INFORMATION

Instruments & warning lights

Before driving, it is important to fully

understand the function of the instruments

and warning lights described in section 2.

NOTE: Red warning lights are of particular

importance, illumination indicates that a fault

exists. If a red light illuminates, always stop

the vehicle and seek qualified assistance

before continuing.

Vehicle stability

Your vehicle has a higher ground clearance

and, therefore, a higher centre of gravity than

ordinary passenger cars. This will result in

different handling characteristics.

Inexperienced drivers should take additional

care, particularly in off-road driving situations

and when performing abrupt manoeuvres at

inappropriate speeds or on unstable surfaces.

Vehicle height

The overall height of your vehicle exceeds that

of ordinary passenger cars. Always be aware

of the height of your vehicle and check the

available headroom before driving through

low entrances. This is particularly important if

the vehicle is fitted with a roof rack or if the

sunroof is open.

Power assisted steering

Power assistance is progressively applied the

more the steering wheel is turned. For

example; where manual steering effort would

normally be greatest (at slow speeds on

maximum lock), power assistance is greatest.

Similarly, where only minimal steering effort

would normally be required (at high speed

with the wheels straight ahead), then power

assistance is also minimal, thus enabling the

driver to benefit from apparently consistent

steering effort at all times.

WARNING

Under no circumstances must the steering

wheel be held on full lock for more than

thirty seconds in one minute, otherwise the

steering assembly may be damaged.

NOTE: Power assistance is dependent on the

engine running. If the engine is not running,

greater effort will be required to steer the

vehicle.

Auxiliary equipment

WARNING

DO NOT use auxiliary equipment, such as

roller generators, that are driven by one

wheel of the vehicle, as they could cause

failure of the gearbox differential. If the

gearbox differential lock is engaged in an

attempt to avoid damage, the vehicle will

drive itself forward.

Fuel

PETROL ENGINES

USE ONLY RECOMMENDED FUEL

4 cylinder engines:

Use 90 RON minimum leaded or unleaded fuel

wherever possible.

V8 engines:

Use 91 - 93 leaded or unleaded fuel wherever

possible.

The RON value (octane rating) of petroleum

commonly available at garage forecourts will

vary in different countries. The RON value

quoted is the MINIMUM requirement and

whilst this can be safely exceeded, no

advantage in performance or fuel economy

will be gained by using a higher octane fuel.

If heavy engine knock is detected when using

the recommended octane rated fuel, or if

steady engine knocking is present while

maintaining a steady speed on level roads,

contact your dealer for advice.

NOTE: An occasional, light, engine knock

while accelerating or climbing hills is

acceptable.

DIESEL ENGINES

The quality of diesel fuel (Derv) can vary in

different countries and only clean, good

quality fuel should be used. It is important

that the sulphur content of diesel fuel does

not exceed 1%; in Europe all supplies should

be within this limit, but in other parts of the

world, you should check with your supplier.

Ensure the fuel filter element is changed and

the fuel sedimenter drained, at the

recommended service intervals.

If good quality diesel fuel is unavailable and it

is necessary to use poor quality fuel, it may be

necessary to have the fuel filter/sedimenter

drained regularly.

NOTE: The use of paraffin (kerosene) as a

diesel fuel additive is illegal in the UK.

WARNING

On both petrol and diesel engine vehicles, if

the fuel tank is accidentally filled with the

wrong fuel, it is ESSENTIAL that you contact

your dealer BEFORE attempting to start the

engine!

Fuel

Fuel filling

To unlock the fuel cap;

1. Insert the key and turn it 90° clockwise.

2. Turn the key back to the vertical and then

remove.

The cap should then be unscrewed gradually

(see Warning below).

WARNING

To avoid any sudden discharge of fuel

caused by excessive air pressure, the cap is

designed to allow the fuel tank to vent

during the first half turn. DO NOT fully

remove the cap until pressure has been

released.

Filling station pumps are equipped with

automatic cut-off sensing to avoid fuel

spillage - only fill the tank until the filler nozzle

automatically shuts off. DO NOT attempt to fill

the tank beyond this point or spillage could

result due to expansion of the fuel.

WARNING

DO NOT fully fill the tank if the vehicle is to

be parked on a slope in direct sunlight or

high ambient temperature - expansion of the

fuel could cause spillage.

When replacing the fuel cap, turn it clockwise

until the cap clicks at least three times - this

locks the cap (the key is not needed).

SAFETY ON THE FORECOURT

Petroleum gases are highly inflammable

and in confined spaces are also explosive.

Always take sensible precautions when

refuelling:

• Switch off the engine.

• Do not smoke or use a naked flame

or light.

• Take care not to spill fuel.

• Do not overfill the tank.

Fuel

Empty fuel tank

DO NOT RUN THE FUEL TANK DRY!

In the case of Tdi diesel models, qualified

assistance may be required to prime the fuel

system before the engine can be restarted.

Td5 diesel engine vehicles

In the case of Td5 vehicles,carry out the

following procedure:

1. Turn off the starter switch and wait for 15

seconds.

2. Turn the starter key to position ’II’ and

wait for 30 seconds.

3. Turn off the starter switch.

Repeat steps 2 and 3 six times.

4. Fully depress the accelerator pedal.

5. Keeping the pedal depressed, start

cranking the engine.

6. Continue cranking the engine and as soon

as the engine is running on all cylinders,

ease the accelerator pedal back to

approximately halfway through its travel,

and release the starter key. The engine

should now be running.

7. If the engine fails to start, repeat the

process.

During the above procedure, the fuel pump

will be heard to operate (priming the engine).

This noise is not a cause for concern.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

The engine must NOT be cranked for

more than 20 seconds in any one period.

If the above procedure is carried out on a

vehicle that has NOT run out of fuel, it will

result in the engine flooding with fuel and

failing to start.

Fuel

FUEL CUT-OFF SWITCH

(Td5 models only)

The fuel cut-off switch is a safety device

which, in the event of a collision or sudden

impact, automatically cuts off the fuel supply

to the engine.

The switch is located on the engine

compartment bulkhead. After an impact, the

switch must be reset by pressing the rubber

top (arrowed in illustration) before the engine

can be restarted.

WARNING

ALWAYS check for fuel leaks before

resetting the switch!

Gearbox & transmission

MAIN GEARBOX

Your vehicle features a five speed main

gearbox and a two speed transfer box. In

addition, a centre differential in the transfer

box distributes the drive to the front and rear

axles, providing permanent four wheel drive.

By using the main gearbox in conjunction with

the transfer gears, ten forward and two

reverse speeds are available.

The gear positions for the main gearbox are

shown on the gear lever knob. Note that when

the gearbox is in neutral, the gear lever is

spring-loaded to automatically align between

third and fourth gear positions.

Clutch

Take care NOT to use the clutch pedal as a

foot rest. To prevent unnecessary wear,

always keep the left foot well clear of the

clutch pedal, except when changing gear.

WARNING

Do NOT select reverse gear unless the

vehicle is stationary.

Gearbox & transmission

TRANSFER GEARBOX

The second gear lever is used to select either

the high or low range of gears in the transfer

gearbox and, in addition, also controls the

centre differential (known as the ’DIFF LOCK’).

High range (’H’)

Use high range for all normal road driving and

also for off-road driving across dry, level

terrain.

Low range (’L’)

Use low range gears when moving off from

rest when towing a heavy load, or in any

situation where low speed manoeuvring is

necessary, such as reversing a trailer or

negotiating a boulder strewn river bed; also

use for more extreme off-road conditions

where progress in high range cannot be

maintained.

Neutral (’N’)

With the transfer lever in neutral, drive cannot

be transmitted to the road wheels, regardless

of the position of the main gear lever. Use

transfer neutral when being towed or when

using winching or power take off facilities.

’Diff lock’ centre differential

Use the ’unlocked’ position for all normal

driving, and use the ’DIFF-LOCK’ position to

improve traction in extreme conditions where

wheel grip could be lost, such as: wet grass,

mud, sand, ice or snow. Return to the

’unlocked’ position as soon as dry, firm,

ground is reached.

DO NOT use the ’diff lock’ unnecessarily!

Gearbox & transmission

USING THE TRANSFER GEARBOX

With the vehicle stationary and the engine

running, depress the clutch and then move

the lever fully forward (or backwards) in TWO

distinct but positive moves - ’high to

neutral’.... ’neutral to low’ (or vice versa).

If there is resistance to the gear engaging, do

not force the lever. Instead, with the main

lever in gear, release the clutch momentarily

and then try again.

Changing from low to high on the move:

Changing from ’L’ (low) to ’H’ (high) can be

achieved without stopping the vehicle, as

follows:

1. Apply slight backward pressure to the

transfer gear lever in preparation for

changing.

2. Then, in three simultaneous moves,

depress the clutch, release the accelerator

and pull the transfer lever into neutral.

3. Release the clutch pedal for approximately

3 seconds before depressing it again and

moving the transfer lever firmly into the

high position.

4. Finally, select a suitable main gear, release

the clutch and continue driving in the

normal way.

NOTE: After a little practice, this operation

can be carried out smoothly and quickly by

using firm, positive moves.

Gearbox & transmission

THE DIFFERENTIAL LOCK

Unlike many four wheel drive vehicles, all

Land Rover vehicles have permanent four

wheel drive. This is achieved by the inclusion

of a lockable differential between the front and

rear drive shafts. With the differential locked,

the drive shafts to front and rear axles are (in

effect) joined together, causing both to rotate

at the same speed. This is a normal feature

with all four wheel drive vehicles and

enhances traction on difficult off-road

surfaces. However, with the differential

unlocked the different running requirements

of the two axles can be accommodated,

thereby enabling Land Rover vehicles to

operate permanently in four wheel drive for

both road AND off-road use.

Selecting diff lock

The diff lock can be engaged or disengaged

either with the vehicle stationary, or when

driving at any road speed. However, with the

vehicle in motion it is ESSENTIAL to be

travelling on firm ground, in a straight line,

and without wheel slip.

WARNING

DO NOT engage the diff lock if one or more

wheels are slipping - this could damage the

transmission. If wheels are slipping, ease

off the accelerator before engaging the diff

lock.

DO NOT engage the diff lock from the

transfer neutral position.

To lock the differential:

Briefly ease the throttle and move the transfer

gear lever to the left - from either ’H’ (high) or

’L’ (low) position (the warning light on the

instrument panel will illuminate).

To unlock the differential:

Move the transfer gear lever to the right - to

either ’H’ (high) or ’L’ (low) position as

required; when the diff lock disengages the

warning light will extinguish.

Gearbox & transmission

When to use the diff lock

As a general rule, the differential should only

be locked in order to drive off-road on loose

and slippery surfaces. ALWAYS unlock the

differential for normal road driving or as soon

as a hard grippy surface is reached whether

high or low gears are selected.

NOTE: A valuable introduction to off-road

driving, which includes many useful

references to the transfer gearbox and ’diff

lock’, is included in the ’Off-road driving’

section of the handbook.

WARNING

If the vehicle is driven on normal road

surfaces with the differential locked, the

steering will feel stiff, excessive tyre wear

will occur and the transmission will be

’wound up’. This places excessive strain on

the transmission.

Diff lock warning light

The amber warning light on the instrument

panel illuminates when the diff lock is actually

engaged - rather than when it has been

selected. Similarly it will only extinguish when

the diff lock is actually disengaged. This

accounts for a slight delay between diff lock

deselection and the warning light

extinguishing which is quite normal.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Transmission ’wind up’

If the warning light is obviously reluctant

to extinguish after the diff lock has been

deselected, some transmission ’wind up’

may be present.

Reversing the vehicle for a short distance

and then going forward will usually

’unwind’ the transmission and extinguish

the light and the vehicle can then be

driven as normal. However, if after two or

three attempts to ’unwind’ the

transmission the light remains on,

consult your dealer AS SOON AS

POSSIBLE.

Brakes

BRAKING SYSTEM

The hydraulic braking system operates

through dual circuits; if one circuit should fail,

the other will continue to function. However,

in the event of a brake failure where only one

circuit is operational, the vehicle should only

be driven at slow speed to the nearest

qualified dealer. In these circumstances,

exercise extreme caution and be aware that

much greater pedal effort and longer stopping

distances will be required.

The braking system is servo assisted. This

means that if the engine stops running, all

servo assistance will be lost, requiring greater

pedal effort and resulting in longer stopping

distances.

Brake pads

Brake pads require a period of bedding in. You

should avoid heavy braking, except in

emergencies, for at least the first 800 km (500

miles).

Remember that regular servicing is vital to

ensure that the brake pads are examined for

wear and changed periodically to ensure long

term safety and optimum performance.

Brake warning light

If the warning light on the instrument panel

illuminates while driving, and the handbrake is

fully released, a fault with the braking system

is indicated. Check the brake fluid level; if the

light continues to illuminate, seek qualified

assistance before continuing.

WARNING

DO NOT rest your foot on the brake pedal

while travelling, as this may overheat the

brakes, reduce their efficiency and cause

excessive wear.

NEVER move a vehicle without the engine

running because braking assistance will not

be available. The pedal brakes will still

function, but more pressure will be

required.

ALWAYS take particular care when being

towed with the engine turned off.

If the brake warning light should illuminate

while the vehicle is in motion, bring the

vehicle to a halt as quickly as traffic

conditions and safety permit and seek

qualified assistance before continuing - DO

NOT pump the brake pedal. If the brake

pedal is pumped, the braking system may

lose any remaining assistance available.

Wet conditions

Driving through water or even very heavy rain

may adversely affect braking efficiency.

Always dry the braking surfaces by

intermittent light application of the brakes,

first ensuring that you are at a safe distance

from other road users.

Brakes

HANDBRAKE

Unlike most other vehicles, the handbrake

operates on the rear propeller shaft, and NOT

on the road wheels. This may result in slight

movement of the vehicle after the handbrake

is applied.

To engage the handbrake, depress the button

and pull the lever up.

To release, pull the lever up slightly, depress

the button and lower the lever.

Always apply the handbrake fully whenever

you park.

When parking on a slope, do not rely on the

handbrake alone to hold the vehicle, park in a

low forward gear when facing uphill and in

reverse gear when facing downhill. For extra

security on steep slopes, move the transfer

lever into low range or engage the diff lock.

WARNING

DO NOT apply the handbrake while the

vehicle is in motion as this could result in

loss of vehicle control and damage to the

transmission.

DO NOT rely on the handbrake to operate

effectively if the vehicle has been subjected

to immersion in mud and water (see

’Off-road driving’).

Brakes

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

(if fitted)

The anti-lock braking system (ABS) prevents

the wheels from locking, thereby helping to

maintain steering control. No special driving

techniques or effort is required from the

driver.

Under normal braking (where sufficient road

surface friction exists to reliably bring the

vehicle to a halt, without the wheels locking),

the anti-lock braking system will not be

activated. However, if the force of your

braking should exceed the available adhesion

between the tyres and the road, causing one

or more wheels to lock, then the anti-lock

braking system will automatically come into

operation. This will be recognised by a rapid

pulsation felt through the brake pedal.

WARNING

The anti-lock braking system cannot

overcome the physical limitations of

stopping the vehicle in too short a distance,

cornering at high speed, or aquaplaning, i.e

where a layer of water prevents adequate

contact between the tyres and road surface.

The fact that the vehicle is fitted with

anti-lock braking, must never tempt the

driver into taking risks that could affect

his/her safety, or that of other road users.

Drivers still have a duty to drive within

normal safety margins, having due

consideration for the prevailing road

surface, weather and traffic conditions.

Anti-lock braking in action

In an emergency situation, full braking effort

should ALWAYS be applied, even when the

road surface is slippery. The anti-lock braking

system constantly monitors the speed of each

wheel and varies braking pressure to each,

according to the amount of traction available,

thereby ensuring that the wheels do not lock.

Always remember, ABS is designed to

maintain steering control under heavy braking

conditions.

On soft surfaces such as powdery snow, sand

or gravel, braking distances may be greater

than those achievable on a vehicle without

anti-lock braking. This is because the action of

locked wheels on loose surfaces, is to build

up a wedge of material in front of the wheels,

which assists in bringing the vehicle to a halt.

However, even in these circumstances, the

anti-lock braking system will provide better

stability and steering control.

Brakes

Warning light

The anti-lock braking system

incorporates a monitoring

system, which checks that all the electrical

components are in working order, as soon as

the starter switch is turned to position ’II’ and

also at frequent intervals during your journey.

The warning light on the instrument panel is

an important part of this system. The warning

light should illuminate for approximately one

second when the starter switch is turned to

position ’II’ and then briefly extinguishes

before coming on again. If the light does not

extinguish and then illuminate again, a fault

has occurred with the ABS system and you

should consult your Land Rover dealer at the

earliest opportunity. The warning light will

remain illuminated until the vehicle is driven

above approximately 5 mph (8 km/h).

If the light remains on, or subsequently

illuminates while driving, a fault has been

detected by the self monitoring system and

full ABS control may not be available - consult

your dealer at the earliest opportunity.

Traction control

ELECTRONIC TRACTION CONTROL

(if fitted)

The purpose of electronic traction control is to

aid traction when one wheel spins while the

other still has good grip, eg. if one side of the

vehicle is on ice and the other is on tarmac.

The system works by applying the brake to a

spinning wheel in order to transfer torque to

the other side of the axle.

NOTE: Traction control only operates below

approximately 30 mph (50 km/h).

The instrument panel has a traction control

warning light (TC) which illuminates whenever

the system is active (for a minimum of 2

seconds) and also illuminates as a bulb check

(for approximately 4 seconds) when the

starter switch is turned to position ’II’. In the

unlikely event that traction control operates

continuously for too long (in excess of

approximately 1 minute), then the control unit

shuts down to allow cooling and the warning

light flashes for at least ten seconds.

If there is a fault with the system, then the

warning light will illuminate continuously -

contact your dealer at the earliest opportunity.

Towing & load carrying

TOWING

WARNING

If a Nato Hook or a Jaw and Pintle type

towing accessory is to be fitted to your

vehicle, DO NOT attach them directly to the

chassis rear cross-member - it is essential

that an adapter plate kit (available from a

Land Rover dealer) is also fitted.

The torque ranges of Land Rover engines

allow maximum-weight loads to be pulled

smoothly from standstill, and reduce gear

changing on hills or rough terrain.

The suspension is designed to cope with a

heavy trailer load without upsetting the

balance or feel of the vehicle.

WARNING

Only fit towing accessories that have been

designed and approved by Land Rover.

Ensure that the gross weight and maximum

rear axle weight are not exceeded.

When preparing your vehicle for towing,

always pay careful attention to the trailer

manufacturer’s recommendations and the

following guidelines.

• Ensure that the towing vehicle tyre

pressures are correct and that the trailer

tyre pressures are as recommended by the

trailer manufacturer.

• With the trailer and vehicle unladen,

balance the combination so that the trailer

draw-bar and the hitch point on the vehicle

are at the same height. Adjust the height

of the hitch point if necessary.

• Check the operation of trailer brakes and

lights.

• For maximum stability, ensure that loads

are properly secured and unable to shift

position during transit. Also, position

loads so that most of the weight is placed

close to the floor and, where possible,

immediately above or close to the trailer

axle(s).

• After loading the trailer, check that the

weight on the hitch point (this is called the

draw-bar loading weight, or nose weight),

is in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.

• When calculating the laden weight of the

trailer, remember to include the weight of

the trailer PLUS THE LOAD.

• Where the load weight can be divided

between trailer and tow vehicle, loading

more weight into the vehicle will generally

improve the stability of the combination.

• A smooth start will be achieved with

trailers over 2000 kg (4400 lb) by moving

off in LOW range, then changing to HIGH

range while on the move (see ’Transfer

gearbox’).

Towing & load carrying

NOTE: Towing regulations vary from country to country. It is very important to ensure that

national regulations governing towing weights and speed limits are observed (refer to the relevant

national motoring organisation for information). The following maximum permissible towed

weights refer to the vehicle’s design limitations and NOT to any specific territorial restriction.

Maximum permissible towed weights On-road kg Off-road kg

Unbraked trailers 750........................................................................ 500

Trailers with overrun brakes 3500...................................................... 1000

4 wheel trailers with coupled brakes 3500.......................................... 1000

NOSE WEIGHT

The recommended trailer nose weight limit is

150 kg (330 lb). The nose weight plus the

combined weight of the vehicle’s load carrying

area and rear seat passengers, must never

exceed the maximum rear axle load or the

gross vehicle weight (as shown in ’General

data’).

WARNING

DO NOT carry unsecured equipment, tools or

luggage which could move and cause

personal injury in the event of an accident or

emergency manoeuvre, either on or off

road.

VEHICLE WEIGHTS

When loading a vehicle to its maximum (gross

vehicle weight), consideration must be taken

of the unladen vehicle weight and the

distribution of the load to ensure that axle

loadings do not exceed the permitted

maximum values.

It is your responsibility to limit the vehicle

load in such a way that neither the maximum

axle loads nor the gross vehicle weight are

exceeded (see ’General data’).

Towing & load carrying

Coupled braking systems

In order to tow a trailer with a weight in

excess of 3,500 kg, the vehicle must be

adapted to operate a coupled brake system. If

this adaptation is carried out, the vehicle

identification number plate (VIN) must be

changed to show the increased train weight.

Revised VIN plates may be obtained from

Land Rover; these will be issued subject to

satisfactory proof that the vehicle has been

fitted with an approved conversion.

NOTE: Above 300 metres (1,000 feet) the

effects of altitude can adversely affect engine

performance and also cause overheating.

Trailer socket

When the engine is running, power

consumption from trailer socket must NOT

exceed 5 amps.

ROOF RACK

ALWAYS use an approved roof rack and

follow the manufacturers’ fitting instructions

carefully. A full list of all available accessories

is available from your Land Rover dealer.

WARNING

ALWAYS consult your dealer for advice

regarding the approval, suitability,

installation and use of any parts or

accessories before fitting.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

• The MAXIMUM roof rack load is

150 kg.

• A loaded roof rack can reduce the

stability of the vehicle, particularly

when cornering and encountering

cross winds.

• All loads should be evenly

distributed, and secured within the

periphery of the rack.

• Always secure the load to the side

rails, not just to the cross rails.

• Driving off-road with a loaded roof

rack is not recommended. If it is

necessary to stow luggage on the

roof rack while driving off-road, all

loads MUST be removed before

traversing side slopes.

• Only fit roof racks that have been

designed for your vehicle. If in

doubt, consult your dealer.

Emergency starting

Starting an engine with a discharged battery

The ONLY recommended methods of

restarting a vehicle with a discharged battery

are:

• The use of a substitute battery fitted to the

disabled vehicle.

• The use of booster cables to connect the

battery from a donor vehicle to the

discharged battery.

USING BOOSTER CABLES

WARNING

Batteries emit explosive hydrogen gas -

keep sparks and naked lights away from the

battery compartment.

Make sure BOTH batteries are of the same

voltage (12 volts), and that the booster

cables have insulated clamps and are

approved for use with 12 volt batteries.

DO NOT connect positive (+) terminals to

negative (-) terminals, and ensure booster

cables are kept away from any moving parts

in the engine compartment.

Take care when working near rotating parts

of the engine.

Always adopt the following procedure when

using booster cables:.

1. If a donor vehicle is to be used, both

vehicles should be parked with their

battery locations adjacent to each other.

Ensure that the two vehicles do not touch.

2. Apply the handbrakes and ensure that the

transmission of both vehicles is set in

neutral (’P’ or Park for donor vehicles with

automatic transmission).

3. Turn off the starter switch and ALL

electrical equipment of BOTH vehicles.

4. Connect the RED booster cable between

the positive (+) terminal of the donor

battery and the positive (+) terminal of the

discharged battery.

5. Connect the BLACK booster cable from the

negative (-) terminal of the donor battery

to a good earthing point on the disabled

vehicle (eg. an engine mounting or other

unpainted metal surface) - at least 0.5m

away from the battery and well away from

fuel and brake lines. For safety reasons,

DO NOT connect this cable to the

negative terminal of the discharged

battery.

6. Check that the booster cables are clear of

any moving parts in either engine, then

start the engine of the donor vehicle and

allow it to idle for a few minutes.

7. Now start the vehicle with the discharged

battery.

Emergency starting

8. Once both engines are running normally,

allow them to idle for two minutes before

switching off the engine of the donor

vehicle and disconnecting the booster

cables. DO NOT switch on any electrical

circuits on the previously disabled vehicle

until AFTER the booster cables have been

removed.

9. Disconnecting the booster cables must be

an EXACT reversal of the connecting

procedure, ie; disconnect the BLACK

cable from the earthing point on the

disabled vehicle FIRST.

Vehicle recovery

VEHICLE RECOVERY

If it is necessary to recover the vehicle by

towing, always adhere to the following

procedure:

Towing the vehicle (on four-wheels)

1. Set the main gearbox and transfer box in

neutral.

2. Ensure the differential lock is in the

unlocked position.

3. Turn the starter switch to the first position

to unlock the steering and leave in this

position while the vehicle is being towed.

4. Secure the towing attachment to the

vehicle.

5. Release the handbrake.

NOTE: If, due to an accident or electrical fault

it is not considered safe to turn the starter

switch, the battery must be disconnected.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

DO NOT attempt to tow the vehicle unless

the starter switch is turned to position ’I’

(to unlock the steering).

• DO NOT attempt to remove the

starter key or turn the switch to

position ’0’ while the vehicle is in

motion.

• Without the engine running, the

brake servo and power steering

pump cannot provide assistance.

Greater brake pedal and steering

effort are therefore necessary to

safely control the vehicle.

Suspended tow

WARNING

Your vehicle has permanent four wheel

drive - the propeller shaft MUST be removed

from the axle to be trailed.

If the front axle is to be trailed ALWAYS

adhere to the following precautions:

• Ensure the four bolts securing the front

propeller shaft to the gearbox are tightly

secured with the appropriate nuts after

disconnecting the propeller shaft -

otherwise serious damage to the gearbox

may occur.

• Unlock the steering.

• Secure the steering wheel and/or linkage

in the straight ahead position - the

steering lock MUST NOT be used for this

purpose.

WARNING

The propeller shaft M UST only be

reconnected by a qualified Land Rover

engineer. Contact your Land Rover dealer

for further information.

Vehicle recovery

Transporter or trailer lashing

Use the towing rings on the front and rear

cross members as lashing points (see

illustration). DO NOT secure lashing hooks or

trailer fixings to any other part of the vehicle.

Ancillary equipment

Winches

A number of different winches, suited to jobs

ranging from vehicle recovery to haulage, can

be fitted to your Defender. For further

information on the types of winch available

and their various uses, contact your Land

Rover dealer.

As winch operation will vary considerably on

different winch units, it is essential that the

manufacturer’s operating instructions are

understood and followed carefully.

Winch safety

WARNING

If used incorrectly, winches can be

extremely dangerous.

ALWAYS follow the manufacturer’s

operating instructions carefully.

NEVER stand near, or astride a winching

cable whilst it is under tension.

ALWAYS wear protective gloves when

handling winching cables.

In addition;

• DO NOT attempt to continue winching if

the winch has stalled due to overloading.

• Inspect the winch and cable regularly -

ALWAYS have worn or damaged parts

replaced immediately.

• Only use recommended replacement parts

of the same specification as the original

equipment - failure to do so may not only

damage the winch, but may cause serious

personal injury.

After winching

Whilst wearing thick, protective gloves, clean

and lubricate the cable with a recommended

cable lubricant. For further information,

consult your Land Rover dealer.

WARNING

NEVER allow a cable to kink, coil or overlap.

NOTE: If a capstan winch is used, ensure the

rope is cleaned and dried before stowing.

Ancillary equipment

Power take-off drives

Your Defender is capable of providing a static

or mobile power source, which can be used to

power generators, compressors, pumps and

other ancillary equipment, mounted on or

under the vehicle, by means of shaft, belt or

hydraulic drive. This is possible by having a

power take-off drive unit fitted to the transfer

gearbox. This provides the basic drive for

several variations of power take-off layouts.

The power take-off capability is an integral

part of the vehicle design and has been tried

and tested under the most rigorous and

demanding conditions across the world. Land

Rover dealers provide a full range of power

take-off drive units and accessories, designed

and built for the Defender.

For static operation, select neutral in the

transfer gearbox to disconnect the drive to the

road wheels - it is then possible to operate the

power take-off independently. The forward

gears and hand throttle (if fitted) can now be

used to control the operating speed. To

prevent the transmission from being

overloaded, it is recommended that the

highest gear possible should be used.

The lower gears can be used when lower

operating speeds are required, but they

should only be used for light workloads and

for short periods of time.

If power take-off is being used while the

vehicle is moving, it will operate at a speed in

direct proportion to the road speed of the

vehicle and to the selected transfer gear ratio.

For more information on the use of power

take-off drives and equipment, consult your

Land Rover dealer.

Ancillary equipment

HAND THROTTLE

(if fitted)

The hand throttle is for use in conjunction

with power take-off equipment (winches,

pumps etc.), when a relatively constant engine

speed is required.

WARNING

DO NOT attempt to use the hand throttle

when the vehicle is being driven.

Operating the hand throttle

1. Select ’N’ (neutral) in the transfer gearbox.

2. Pull the hand throttle control out until the

desired engine speed is achieved.

3. Twist the control clockwise to lock the

throttle in position.

The accelerator pedal can be used to

temporarily over-ride the hand throttle (to

increase engine speed). Once the accelerator

is released, the engine speed will return to the

level set by the hand throttle.

To turn the hand throttle off, twist the control

fully in (to the closed position).

Ensure the hand throttle is fully closed before

driving.

Driving & operating for Your Land Rover Defender 90 SUV First Generation (1990-2016)

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